depends: Add justifications for macOS clang flags

depends/hosts/darwin.mk

@@ -6,8 +6,28 @@ LD64_VERSION=530
 
 OSX_SDK=$(SDK_PATH)/Xcode-$(XCODE_VERSION)-$(XCODE_BUILD_ID)-extracted-SDK-with-libcxx-headers
 
-# When cross-compiling for Darwin using Clang, -mlinker-version must be passed to
-# ensure that modern linker features are enabled.
+# Flag explanations:
+#
+#     -mlinker-version
+#
+#         Ensures that modern linker features are enabled. See here for more
+#         details: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/19407.
+#
+#     -B$(build_prefix)/bin
+#
+#         Explicitly point to our binaries (e.g. cctools) so that they are
+#         ensured to be found and preferred over other possibilities.
+#
+#     -nostdinc++ -isystem $(OSX_SDK)/usr/include/c++/v1
+#
+#         Forces clang to use the libc++ headers from our SDK and completely
+#         forget about the libc++ headers from the standard directories
+#
+#         TODO: Once we start requiring a clang version that has the
+#         -stdlib++-isystem<directory> flag first introduced here:
+#         https://reviews.llvm.org/D64089, we should use that instead. Read the
+#         differential summary there for more details.
+#
 darwin_CC=clang -target $(host) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) --sysroot $(OSX_SDK) -mlinker-version=$(LD64_VERSION) -B$(build_prefix)/bin
 darwin_CXX=clang++ -target $(host) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) --sysroot $(OSX_SDK) -stdlib=libc++ -mlinker-version=$(LD64_VERSION) -B$(build_prefix)/bin -nostdinc++ -isystem $(OSX_SDK)/usr/include/c++/v1