diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index cb1c88883bb..58a50adec6a 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-AM_CPPFLAGS =  $(INCLUDES) \
-  -I$(builddir)/obj \
-  $(BDB_CPPFLAGS) \
-  $(BOOST_CPPFLAGS) $(BOOST_INCLUDES)
-AM_CPPFLAGS += $(LEVELDB_CPPFLAGS)
+AM_CPPFLAGS =  $(INCLUDES)
 AM_LDFLAGS = $(PTHREAD_CFLAGS)
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS += -I$(builddir)
 
 if EMBEDDED_LEVELDB
 LEVELDB_CPPFLAGS += -I$(srcdir)/leveldb/include
@@ -22,11 +17,14 @@ $(LIBLEVELDB) $(LIBMEMENV):
           OPT="$(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)"
 endif
 
+BITCOIN_INCLUDES=-I$(builddir) -I$(builddir)/obj $(BOOST_CPPFLAGS) $(LEVELDB_CPPFLAGS)
+
 noinst_LIBRARIES = \
   libbitcoin_server.a \
   libbitcoin_common.a \
   libbitcoin_cli.a
 if ENABLE_WALLET
+BITCOIN_INCLUDES += $(BDB_CPPFLAGS)
 noinst_LIBRARIES += libbitcoin_wallet.a
 endif
 
@@ -106,6 +104,7 @@ obj/build.h: FORCE
 	  $(abs_top_srcdir)
 version.o: obj/build.h
 
+libbitcoin_server_a_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES)
 libbitcoin_server_a_SOURCES = \
   addrman.cpp \
   alert.cpp \
@@ -130,6 +129,7 @@ libbitcoin_server_a_SOURCES = \
   $(JSON_H) \
   $(BITCOIN_CORE_H)
 
+libbitcoin_wallet_a_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES)
 libbitcoin_wallet_a_SOURCES = \
   db.cpp \
   crypter.cpp \
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ libbitcoin_wallet_a_SOURCES = \
   walletdb.cpp \
   $(BITCOIN_CORE_H)
 
+libbitcoin_common_a_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES)
 libbitcoin_common_a_SOURCES = \
   base58.cpp \
   allocators.cpp \
@@ -184,8 +185,8 @@ if TARGET_WINDOWS
 bitcoind_SOURCES += bitcoind-res.rc
 endif
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS += $(BDB_CPPFLAGS)
 bitcoind_LDADD += $(BOOST_LIBS) $(BDB_LIBS)
+bitcoind_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES)
 
 # bitcoin-cli binary #
 bitcoin_cli_LDADD = \
@@ -193,6 +194,7 @@ bitcoin_cli_LDADD = \
   libbitcoin_common.a \
   $(BOOST_LIBS)
 bitcoin_cli_SOURCES = bitcoin-cli.cpp
+bitcoin_cli_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES)
 #
 
 if TARGET_WINDOWS
diff --git a/src/Makefile.qt.include b/src/Makefile.qt.include
index f434118abbd..749b976c443 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.qt.include
+++ b/src/Makefile.qt.include
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-AM_CPPFLAGS += -I$(srcdir) \
-  -I$(builddir)/qt \
-  -I$(builddir)/qt/forms \
-  $(PROTOBUF_CFLAGS) \
-  $(QR_CFLAGS)
 bin_PROGRAMS += qt/bitcoin-qt
 noinst_LIBRARIES += qt/libbitcoinqt.a
 
@@ -319,8 +314,12 @@ RES_MOVIES = $(wildcard qt/res/movies/spinner-*.png)
 
 BITCOIN_RC = qt/res/bitcoin-qt-res.rc
 
-qt_libbitcoinqt_a_CPPFLAGS = $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(QT_INCLUDES) \
-  -I$(srcdir)/qt/forms $(QT_DBUS_INCLUDES)
+BITCOIN_QT_INCLUDES = -I$(builddir)/qt -I$(srcdir)/qt -I$(srcdir)/qt/forms \
+  -I$(builddir)/qt/forms
+
+qt_libbitcoinqt_a_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES) $(BITCOIN_QT_INCLUDES) \
+  $(QT_INCLUDES) $(QT_DBUS_INCLUDES) $(PROTOBUF_CFLAGS) $(QR_CFLAGS)
+
 qt_libbitcoinqt_a_SOURCES = $(BITCOIN_QT_CPP) $(BITCOIN_QT_H) $(QT_FORMS_UI) \
   $(QT_QRC) $(QT_TS) $(PROTOBUF_PROTO) $(RES_ICONS) $(RES_IMAGES) $(RES_MOVIES)
 
@@ -341,8 +340,9 @@ $(QT_MOC): $(PROTOBUF_H)
 $(QT_MOC_CPP): $(PROTOBUF_H)
 
 # bitcoin-qt binary #
-qt_bitcoin_qt_CPPFLAGS = $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(QT_INCLUDES) \
-  -I$(srcdir)/qt/forms
+qt_bitcoin_qt_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES) $(BITCOIN_QT_INCLUDES) \
+  $(QT_INCLUDES) $(PROTOBUF_CFLAGS) $(QR_CFLAGS)
+
 qt_bitcoin_qt_SOURCES = qt/bitcoin.cpp
 if TARGET_DARWIN
   qt_bitcoin_qt_SOURCES += $(BITCOIN_MM)
diff --git a/src/Makefile.qttest.include b/src/Makefile.qttest.include
index 09e61cf57c9..e0b49d02408 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.qttest.include
+++ b/src/Makefile.qttest.include
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-AM_CPPFLAGS += -I$(srcdir) \
-  -I$(srcdir)/qt \
-  -I$(builddir)/qt \
-  $(PROTOBUF_CFLAGS) \
-    $(QR_CFLAGS)
 bin_PROGRAMS += qt/test/test_bitcoin-qt
 TESTS += qt/test/test_bitcoin-qt
 
@@ -17,7 +12,8 @@ TEST_QT_H = \
   qt/test/paymentrequestdata.h \
   qt/test/paymentservertests.h
 
-qt_test_test_bitcoin_qt_CPPFLAGS = $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(QT_INCLUDES) $(QT_TEST_INCLUDES)
+qt_test_test_bitcoin_qt_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES) $(BITCOIN_QT_INCLUDES) \
+  $(QT_INCLUDES) $(QT_TEST_INCLUDES)
 
 qt_test_test_bitcoin_qt_SOURCES = \
   qt/test/test_main.cpp \
diff --git a/src/Makefile.test.include b/src/Makefile.test.include
index 1e4bd4ca8cd..988830260cd 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.test.include
+++ b/src/Makefile.test.include
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-AM_CPPFLAGS += -I$(builddir)/test/
-
 TESTS += test/test_bitcoin
 bin_PROGRAMS += test/test_bitcoin
 TEST_SRCDIR = test
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ BITCOIN_TESTS += \
 endif
 
 test_test_bitcoin_SOURCES = $(BITCOIN_TESTS) $(JSON_TEST_FILES) $(RAW_TEST_FILES)
-test_test_bitcoin_CPPFLAGS = $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(TESTDEFS)
+test_test_bitcoin_CPPFLAGS = $(BITCOIN_INCLUDES) -I$(builddir)/test/ $(TESTDEFS)
 test_test_bitcoin_LDADD = $(LIBBITCOIN_SERVER) $(LIBBITCOIN_CLI) $(LIBBITCOIN_COMMON) $(LIBLEVELDB) $(LIBMEMENV) \
   $(BOOST_LIBS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIB)
 if ENABLE_WALLET